當我們量測一個『物理量』之時，為什麼需要知道『測量方法』的呢？事實上，如果能夠建立『模型』，還可以現象『模擬』更好！因為如此就先知道『待測量』與『理論值』之間的關係，如是也曉得並分析了『精準度』之範圍耶！！所以必須明白『感測器原理』乎？？

【壓力量測】

【溼度量測】

 

因而得以『解讀』感測器之『數據表』 data sheet ︰

【壓力感測器數據表】

 

【校正】

 

【濾波‧補償】

 

【溼度感測器數據表】

 

【校正】

 

【線性化處理】

 

 

嫻熟『科學記數法』之『應用實務』的了？？！！

Scientific notation

Normalized notation

Any given integer can be written in the form m×10ⁿ in many ways: for example, 350 can be written as 3.5×10² or 35×10¹ or 350×10⁰.

In normalized scientific notation, the exponent n is chosen so that the absolute value of m remains at least one but less than ten (1 ≤ |m| < 10). Thus 350 is written as 3.5×10². This form allows easy comparison of numbers, as the exponent n gives the number’s order of magnitude. In normalized notation, the exponent n is negative for a number with absolute value between 0 and 1 (e.g. 0.5 is written as 5×10⁻¹). The 10 and exponent are often omitted when the exponent is 0.

Normalized scientific form is the typical form of expression of large numbers in many fields, unless an unnormalized form, such as engineering notation, is desired. Normalized scientific notation is often called exponential notation—although the latter term is more general and also applies when m is not restricted to the range 1 to 10 (as in engineering notation for instance) and to bases other than 10 (as in 3.15× 2²⁰).

Engineering notation

Engineering notation (often named “ENG” display mode on scientific calculators) differs from normalized scientific notation in that the exponent n is restricted to multiples of 3. Consequently, the absolute value of m is in the range 1 ≤ |m| < 1000, rather than 1 ≤ |m| < 10. Though similar in concept, engineering notation is rarely called scientific notation. Engineering notation allows the numbers to explicitly match their corresponding SI prefixes, which facilitates reading and oral communication. For example, 12.5×10⁻⁹ m can be read as “twelve-point-five nanometers” and written as 12.5 nm, while its scientific notation equivalent 1.25×10⁻⁸ m would likely be read out as “one-point-two-five times ten-to-the-negative-eight meters”.

Significant figures

A significant figure is a digit in a number that adds to its precision. This includes all nonzero numbers, zeroes between significant digits, and zeroes indicated to be significant. Leading and trailing zeroes are not significant because they exist only to show the scale of the number. Therefore, 1,230,400 usually has five significant figures: 1, 2, 3, 0, and 4; the final two zeroes serve only as placeholders and add no precision to the original number.

When a number is converted into normalized scientific notation, it is scaled down to a number between 1 and 10. All of the significant digits remain, but the place holding zeroes are no longer required. Thus 1,230,400 would become 1.2304 × 10⁶. However, there is also the possibility that the number may be known to six or more significant figures, in which case the number would be shown as (for instance) 1.23040 × 10⁶. Thus, an additional advantage of scientific notation is that the number of significant figures is clearer.

Estimated final digit(s)

It is customary in scientific measurements to record all the definitely known digits from the measurements, and to estimate at least one additional digit if there is any information at all available to enable the observer to make an estimate. The resulting number contains more information than it would without that extra digit(s), and it (or they) may be considered a significant digit because it conveys some information leading to greater precision in measurements and in aggregations of measurements (adding them or multiplying them together).

Additional information about precision can be conveyed through additional notations. It is often useful to know how exact the final digit(s) are. For instance, the accepted value of the unit of elementary charge can properly be expressed as 1.602176487(40)×10⁻¹⁹ C,^[1] which is shorthand for (1.602176487±0.000000040)×10⁻¹⁹ C

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