假使一個人想要了解『動畫』的原理，掌握『工具』之使用，終會走入『術語』之文化長廊，閱讀一篇篇精彩的『發現』歷史。此處祇收羅匯總維基百科上的若干詞條︰
電影
電影是一種表演藝術、視覺藝術及聽覺藝術，利用膠卷、錄影帶或數位媒體將影像和聲音捕捉起來，再加上後期的編輯工作而成。
關於對電影中運動的感知，普遍接受的原因在於：電影中看起來連續的畫面，是由一幀幀單獨的照片構成的，但是由於這些幀的照片接替的速度很快，人的肉眼無法察覺出來它們是彼此獨立的圖像。這是由視覺暫留（英語：persistence of vision）造成的。視覺暫留使得圖像離開後，仍能在眼睛保留「視像」約十分之一秒。因此我們的大腦感覺到圖像是「運動」的。（1824年英國的羅格特在倫敦公布的「視覺暫留」理論。）
雖然這種看法存在，但並不是正確的觀點。對運動的感知，涉及到複雜的心理過程。在1916年出版的德國心理學家雨果·明斯特伯格（Hugo Münsterberg）的《電影：一次心理學研究》中第三章《深度感和運動感》中，雨果·明斯特伯格證明了外觀運動絕不是影像滯留（即視覺暫留）的結果，而是（但不僅僅是）對運動的連續階段的感知。
電影技術發展初期有各種不同的放映速度，但現時電影都多以每秒二十四格圖像作放映標準。
路易斯·普林斯於1888年10月14日，使用改進版的單鏡頭攝影機（即MkII）拍攝了電影《朗德海花園場景》。他在利茲的漢斯萊特區的惠特利工廠以及惠特利位於朗德海的家–奧克伍德農莊展出了他這第一部電影。
電影成為第七藝術的來由是義大利詩人和電影先驅者喬托．卡努杜（Ricciotto Canudo）於1911年發表的一篇《第七藝術宣言》。
如今，許多電影仍然用能把影像記錄到膠捲上的攝影機來拍攝。膠卷經過沖洗之後，再用放映機來運行膠卷。放映機可以發出光線，透過膠卷，這樣影像就在銀幕上顯示出了。自從有聲電影發明以來，大多數的電影都是有聲電影。最近許多電影都用數位攝像機來拍攝，放映的時候，可以用數位放映機，也可以把數位影像轉置到傳統的膠片上。這種方法可避免膠片長時間存放的失真。
世界上第一部電影–《郎德海花園場景》
Film
A film, also called a movie, motion picture or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession. A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques; by means of CGI and computer animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects. The word “cinema” is often used to refer to the industry of films and filmmaking or to the art of filmmaking itself. The contemporary definition of cinema is the art of simulating experiences to communicate ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty or atmosphere by the means of recorded or programmed moving images along with other sensory stimulations.[1]
The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film which was shown through a movie projector onto a large screen (in other words, a photochemistry process). The adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the entire process of production, distribution, and exhibition from start to finish. Films recorded in a photochemical form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack, which is a graphic recording of the spoken words, music and other sounds that accompany the images. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer. Some have criticized the film industry’s glorification of violence[2] and its sexist treatment of women.[3][4]
The individual images that make up a film are called frames. During projection of traditional films, a rotating shutter causes intervals of darkness as each frame in turn is moved into position to be projected, but the viewer does not notice the interruptions because of an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. The perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon.
The name “film” originates from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay and flick. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the movies and cinema; the latter is commonly used in scholarly texts and critical essays, especially by European writers. In early years, the word sheet was sometimes used instead of screen.
Sometimes Sallie Gardner at a Gallop from 1878 is cited as an earliest film.
飛現象
飛現象是一個由Max Wertheimer在1912年的一篇期刊文章《Experimental Studies on the Seeing of Motion》所提出的知覺錯覺現象（錯視）。其中描述一連串靜態圖片卻會造成移動的錯覺。在討論電影和視訊原理時，常會被誤認為貝塔運動（Beta movement ）。但這兩個其實是不同的現象。
在典型的飛現象實驗中，觀眾被要求看兩個接續出現的圖片。在第一張圖片的左邊會有一條線，而在第二張圖片則是在右邊有一條線 。這兩張圖片可能會快速呈現或是讓觀眾有幾秒的時間觀看。在呈現兩張圖片之後，觀眾要描述他們看到了什麼。
觀看者在結合了這兩張圖片的時間和空間訊息之後，即使觀眾看到的是兩個分離的線條，觀眾仍然會報告出在這兩條線之間有東西移動的感覺。觀眾似乎看到了一個和背景顏色相同的空間或是「雲」在移動。飛現象的發現對於格式塔心理學（Gestalt psychology）而言是重要的發現。
在一張靜態圖像中，接續消失的點會造成移動的錯覺。[1]在Lilac chaser這種錯覺中，消失的地方會被綠色所取代。
The lilac chaser is a visual illusion, also known as the Pac-Man illusion.[1] It consists of 12 lilac (or pink, rose or magenta), blurred discs arranged in a circle (like the numbers on a clock), around a small black, central cross on a grey background. One of the discs disappears briefly (for about 0.1 seconds), then the next (about 0.125 seconds later), and the next, and so on, in a clockwise direction. When one stares at the cross for about 5 seconds or so, one sees three different things:
- A gap running around the circle of lilac discs;
- A green disc running around the circle of lilac discs in place of the gap;
- The green disc running around on the grey background, with the lilac discs having disappeared in sequence.
The chaser effect results from the phi phenomenon illusion, combined with an afterimage effect in which an opposite, complementary, colour—green—appears when each lilac spot disappears (if the discs were blue, one would see yellow), and Troxler’s fading of the lilac discs.
一個貝塔運動（Beta movement）的範例。貝塔運動時常和飛現象被互相混淆，但這兩個是不同的錯視現象[1]
Phi phenomenon
The phi phenomenon is the optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images, when viewed in rapid succession, as continuous motion. Max Wertheimer defined this phenomenon in 1912.[1] The phi phenomenon and persistence of vision together formed the foundation of Hugo Münsterberg‘s theory of film[2] and are part of the process of motion perception.
The phi phenomenon is similar to beta movement in that both cause sensation of movement. However, the phi phenomenon is an apparent movement caused by luminous impulses in sequence, whereas beta movement is an apparent movement caused by luminous stationary impulses.[3]
What is actually shown: First a blue dot is shown at the top of the screen, followed by a period of blank screen. Finally a red dot is shown at the bottom of the screen.
Subjects report seeing a dot that moves from the top to the bottom. The dot changes color midway through its path.
Beta movement
The beta movement is an optical illusion, first described by Max Wertheimer in 1912,[1] whereby a series of static images on a screen creates the illusion of a smoothly flowing scene. This occurs when the frame rate is greater than 10 to 12 separate images per second. It might be considered similar to the effects of animation. The static images do not physically change but give the appearance of motion because of being rapidly changed faster than the eye can see.
This optical illusion is caused by the fact that the human optic nerve responds to changes in light at about 10 cycles per second,[citation needed] so changes about double of this are registered as motion instead of being separate distinct images.
。僅權充是個偷懶的導覽，假裝登高望遠之起點耶！？