Hearsay evidence is “an out-of-court statement introduced to prove the truth of the matter asserted therein.” In certain courts hearsay evidence is inadmissible (the “Hearsay Evidence Rule”) unless an exception to the Hearsay Rule applies.
For example, to prove Tom was in town, the attorney asks a witness, “What did Susan tell you about Tom being in town?” Since the witness’ answer will rely on an out-of-court statement that Susan made, Susan is not available for cross-examination, and it is to prove the truth that Tom was in town, it is hearsay. A justification for the objection is that the person who made the statement is not in court and thus is insulated from cross examination. Note, however, that if the attorney asking the same question is trying to prove not the truth of the assertion about Tom being in town but the fact that Susan said the specific words, it may be acceptable. For example, it would be acceptable to ask a witness what Susan told them about Tom in a defamation case against Susan because now the witness is asked about the opposing party’s statement that constitutes a verbal act.[1][2]
The hearsay rule does not exclude the evidence if it is an operative fact[clarification needed]. Language of commercial offer and acceptance is also admissible over a hearsay exception because the statements have independent legal significance.
Double hearsay is a hearsay statement that contains another hearsay statement itself.
For example, a witness wants to testify that “a very reliable man informed me that Wools-Sampson told him.” The statements of the very reliable man and Wools-Sampson are both hearsay submissions on the part of the witness, and the second hearsay (the statement of Wools-Sampson) depends on the first (the statement of the very reliable man). In a court, both layers of hearsay must be found separately admissible. In this example, the first hearsay also comes from an anonymous source, and the admissibility of an anonymous statement requires additional legal burden of proof.
Many jurisdictions that generally disallow hearsay evidence in courts permit the more widespread use of hearsay in non-judicial hearings.
……
傳聞證據排除法則，是刑事訴訟法上，判斷是否應排除傳聞證據的理論，即不採「傳聞證據」之法則。應與之區別者，為「傳聞法則 」。傳聞法則是指「規範傳聞證據資料使用與否之法則」，其中以排除為原則，使用為例外，因為「法則」當中，一定包含「原則」與「例外」。因此，傳聞證據排除法則，其實是「傳聞法則」的一部分，也就是傳聞法則的「原則」而已。所謂傳聞證據，原指「傳聞供述證據」，即內容為證人之陳述，供述者僅轉述證人之陳述，現泛指「證人之書面傳聞」與「證人之證人傳聞」。
───
自從之前編輯《時間線︰樹莓派發展簡史》以來，已過了五、六百個日子的了？也許早該重新修繕的吧！然在如何重編一事，卻一直沒有好想法 ，這其間每次樹莓派基金會『新發行』之時常有各種『傳聞』 Hearsay 。回想自己幾年來因好奇貪玩，故常接觸『☆★之火』說法，何不說說幾則『經驗』，雖算不得『 □ ○ 傳聞』 之思辨，或可傳達『科學』誠該建立在『實證』基礎上的乎？！
【樹莓派 3 到底是 哪裡生產的？？】
依據『 elinux.org 』之整理列表︰
| Revision | Release Date | Model | PCB Revision | Memory | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta | Q1 2012 | B (Beta) | ? | 256 MB | Beta Board |
| 0002 | Q1 2012 | B | 1.0 | 256 MB | |
| 0003 | Q3 2012 | B (ECN0001) | 1.0 | 256 MB | Fuses mod and D14 removed |
| 0004 | Q3 2012 | B | 2.0 | 256 MB | (Mfg by Sony) |
| 0005 | Q4 2012 | B | 2.0 | 256 MB | (Mfg by Qisda) |
| 0006 | Q4 2012 | B | 2.0 | 256 MB | (Mfg by Egoman) |
| 0007 | Q1 2013 | A | 2.0 | 256 MB | (Mfg by Egoman) |
| 0008 | Q1 2013 | A | 2.0 | 256 MB | (Mfg by Sony) |
| 0009 | Q1 2013 | A | 2.0 | 256 MB | (Mfg by Qisda) |
| 000d | Q4 2012 | B | 2.0 | 512 MB | (Mfg by Egoman) |
| 000e | Q4 2012 | B | 2.0 | 512 MB | (Mfg by Sony) |
| 000f | Q4 2012 | B | 2.0 | 512 MB | (Mfg by Qisda) |
| 0010 | Q3 2014 | B+ | 1.0 | 512 MB | (Mfg by Sony) |
| 0011 | Q2 2014 | Compute Module | 1.0 | 512 MB | (Mfg by Sony) |
| 0012 | Q4 2014 | A+ | 1.0 | 256 MB | (Mfg by Sony) |
| 0013 | Q1 2015 | B+ | 1.2 | 512 MB | ? |
| a01041 | Q1 2015 | 2 Model B | 1.1 | 1 GB | (Mfg by Sony) |
| a21041 | Q1 2015 | 2 Model B | 1.1 | 1 GB | (Mfg by Embest, China) |
| 900092 | Q4 2015 | Zero | 1.2 | 512 MB | (Mfg by Sony) |
| a02082 | Q1 2016 | 3 Model B | 1.2 | 1024 MB | (Mfg by Sony) |
應該是『 Mfg by Sony 』，再考之以『歷史』之『名詞解釋』︰
Fresh Model B stock in production
When we announced the launch of the Model B+ back in July, we emphasized that we’d be keeping the Model B in production. Since then, we’ve been (pleasantly) surprised by the ongoing demand for Model B from industrial customers, and a couple of weeks ago some tens of thousands of new units started to roll off the line at the Sony plant in Wales.
Boards going through automount
───
當然是『 U.K. 』英國的咯！！但是這真的很重要嗎？？就像很多人都知道『蘋果手機』是『鴻海大陸廠』製造的，這難到是『傳聞』嗎？？！！還是說如此它就會有『品質疑慮』的呢！！？？……
事實上，『良心事業』從來沒有個『古今東西』之別的吧！
『樹莓派 3 』上實際驗證『版本碼』如下︰
cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep 'Revision' | awk '{print 
cat /proc/version
Linux version 4.1.19-v7+ (dc4@dc4-XPS13-9333) (gcc version 4.9.3 (crosstool-NG crosstool-ng-1.22.0-88-g8460611) ) #852 SMP Mon Mar 7 14:39:14 GMT 2016
pi@raspberrypi ~ 
3}' | sed 's/^1000//'
a02082
pi@raspberrypi ~ 
ls
aaREADME.txt DriveSpeed linpackPiA7SP LLloops.txt Source Code
busspeedPiA6 Example Logs linpackPiSP memspeedPiA6 Temperature_MHz_Test
busspeedPiA7 java Linpack.txt memspeedPiA7 whetstonePiA6
dhrystonePiA6 LanSpeed Linux Intel memSpeed.txt whetstonePiA7
dhrystonePiA7 linpackPiA6 liverloopsPiA6 NEON whets.txt
Dhry.txt linpackPiA7 liverloopsPiA7 OpenGL
pi@raspberrypi ~/Raspberry_Pi_Benchmarks $ ./whetstonePiA7
##########################################
Single Precision C Whetstone Benchmark vfpv4 32 Bit, Tue Mar 8 17:16:32 2016
Calibrate
0.01 Seconds 1 Passes (x 100)
0.07 Seconds 5 Passes (x 100)
0.35 Seconds 25 Passes (x 100)
1.77 Seconds 125 Passes (x 100)
8.82 Seconds 625 Passes (x 100)
Use 708 passes (x 100)
From File /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
model name : ARMv7 Processor rev 4 (v7l)
BogoMIPS : 76.80
Features : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpv4 idiva idivt vfpd32 lpae evtstrm crc32
CPU implementer : 0x41
CPU architecture: 7
CPU variant : 0x0
CPU part : 0xd03
CPU revision : 4
processor : 1
model name : ARMv7 Processor rev 4 (v7l)
BogoMIPS : 76.80
Features : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpv4 idiva idivt vfpd32 lpae evtstrm crc32
CPU implementer : 0x41
CPU architecture: 7
CPU variant : 0x0
CPU part : 0xd03
CPU revision : 4
processor : 2
model name : ARMv7 Processor rev 4 (v7l)
BogoMIPS : 76.80
Features : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpv4 idiva idivt vfpd32 lpae evtstrm crc32
CPU implementer : 0x41
CPU architecture: 7
CPU variant : 0x0
CPU part : 0xd03
CPU revision : 4
processor : 3
model name : ARMv7 Processor rev 4 (v7l)
BogoMIPS : 76.80
Features : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpv4 idiva idivt vfpd32 lpae evtstrm crc32
CPU implementer : 0x41
CPU architecture: 7
CPU vLinux version 4.1.19-v7+ (dc4@dc4-XPS13-9333) (gcc version 4.9.3 (crosstool-NG crosstool-ng-1.22.0-88-g8460611) ) #852 SMP Mon Mar 7 14:39:14 GMT 2016
From File /proc/version
Linux version 4.1.19-v7+ (dc4@dc4-XPS13-9333) (gcc version 4.9.3 (crosstool-NG crosstool-ng-1.22.0-88-g8460611) ) #852 SMP Mon Mar 7 14:39:14 GMT 2016
Single Precision C/C++ Whetstone Benchmark
Loop content Result MFLOPS MOPS Seconds
N1 floating point -1.12475013732910156 333.681 0.041
N2 floating point -1.12274742126464844 328.398 0.290
N3 if then else 1.00000000000000000 1790.157 0.041
N4 fixed point 12.00000000000000000 1471.181 0.152
N5 sin,cos etc. 0.49911010265350342 12.059 4.885
N6 floating point 0.99999982118606567 254.345 1.501
N7 assignments 3.00000000000000000 1188.336 0.110
N8 exp,sqrt etc. 0.75110864639282227 8.616 3.057
MWIPS 702.629 10.076
A new results file, whets.txt, will have been created in the same
directory as the .EXE files, if one did not already exist.
Type additional information to include in whets.txt - Press Enter