論語‧學而

子曰：弟子入則孝，出則弟，謹而信，汎愛眾，而親仁。
行有餘力，則以學文。

種族繁衍或為生物音聲往來之興耶？？利用厚生標記人類語言之起乎！！未雨綢繆者將如何籌謀未來主人翁也？？！！世代傳承果能『習且察』哉！！？？

在《媒體中心》一文中我們談到了『分類』的概念，對於人們來說這是個『習而不察』的作法，其實這就是『抽象』的原點。所有的『符號』當用來『指稱』它物時，都有一定的『抽象性』。比方說在大自然裡你又怎麽可能找到一棵是『樹所指』的『樹』呢？此處所講的並不是什麼『樹的這個字』與『樹所指的□』的不同，而是說『樹』是『分類概念』，事實上連『蘋果樹』都是一種『分類概念』。所以會發生昨天某一個『具體存在』的『○○』，它因為『△△』的『界定條件』，被歸類成『◎◎』；今天由於更清楚它的來歷，按造『☆☆』之『定義內容』，又將之判定為『㊣㊣』。人類的這個『抽象化』能力，或許太過於自然的了，因此很容易『日用而不知』，反倒當言及『抽象』的時候，以為那是怎樣的『困難』，就好像聽到『宅男』與『熟女』一聽彷彿就明白的了，要是提到『有理數環』和『實數域』立刻覺得是一頭霧水，然而就『定義界定』的方式來看，這兩者果真能有什麼不同的嗎？？其實『具體的』也不如通常『想當然爾』的『明確』。舉個例子來說，『湯姆森』透過『陰極射線』發現了『電子』，實際上，湯姆森並沒有『親眼見到』某個『電子』，『密立根』的『油滴實驗』也沒有『證明』了『電子』是否是『真實的』存在的呢？我們在《 桶中之腦？？》文章裡，講到過『笛卡兒』之『普遍懷疑』的主張，以及他的名言︰『我思故我在』。假使自我的『存在性』都可以『被質疑』，難保沒有『疑慮性』，如果又要說著『外我之物』的『存在性』，這難到會合理的嗎？？那麼『律則』之『應然』、『或然』與『實然』的『分際』，對比於『詩詞』中之『遠的日子近了，近的日子遠了。』的『遠近』分野，又是哪一個比較『具體』，哪一個比較『抽象』的呢？？

就讓我們再次回顧一個『群』的定義

群是一個集合 $G$ ，這個集合內定義了一種『二元運算』 ‧︰一、對於任何的 $a,b \in G$ ，就有 $a \cdot b = c \in G$ ，這叫做『封閉性』。二、而且對於任何的 $a,b,c \in G$ ，都有 $(a \cdot b) \cdot c = a \cdot (b \cdot c)$ ，這稱之為『結合性』。三、同時在 $G$ 中有一個『單位元素』 $e$ ，對於任意 $G$ 中的元素 $a$ ，都滿足 $e \cdot a = a \cdot e =a$ 。四、其次對於任意 $G$ 中的元素 $a$ 皆存在一個『反元素』 $a^{-1}$ ，使得 $a \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot a = e$ 。

如果依據『群』的『定義』，『自然數』的『加法』並不能構成一個『群』。這是為什麼的呢？因為『自然數』中並沒有『負數』，所以那個『加法反元素』也就不存在，這倒不是說『自然數系』裡沒有『減法』，只是『加法』與『減法』並不能夠『融為一爐』，所以會有『3 – 5』是『不能減』的結果！換個角度講，假使我們把『自然數系』當作一條『數線』，它有一個『原點』，無論是不是從『零』算起，對於足夠大的『自然數』 $N$ ，它向右表示『加』 $N + i$ ，它向左代表『減』 $N - k$ ，都不會發生問題。然而當 $N$ 接近於『零』的時候『加減』就不一樣的了，『加』總是能『加』，『減』卻未必可『減』，因此可能與『直觀』中『加減』難到不是一對『反運算』的嗎？就此發生了『隔閡』，所以我們就產生了『整數系』的建構的嗎？！假使又有人『指證歷歷』的說『負數』的觀念其實來自於人類社會中『虧欠』的『經驗』，這真的可能是『真的』嗎？或者說它不可能是『真的』呢？？不論它是哪一種『歷史因緣』，如果我們再次反觀《{x|x ∉ x} ！！？？》一文上的歷史之『事實』與『現象』，真又可以多說些什麼的嗎？？也許說『歷史』之所以會『再現』，正像是人類之『反反覆覆』的吧！！

── 摘自《【Sonic π】電路學之補充《四》無窮小算術‧中下下‧下》

淵源流長只是說其來有自★？來自大海不過是生命自然☆！

語用學

語用學(pragmatics)是語言學的一個分支學科，與符號學理論相互交叉、滲透，研究語境對語言含義產生的影響與做出的貢獻。語用學包括言語行為理論、對話內涵義、交流中的對話，以及從哲學、社會學、語言學及人類學等角度解析人類語言行為的研究。

語用學分析研究語言行為（如招呼、回答、勸說）的文化準繩與發言規則。語用學還研究語言用於成事的方式。

不同的文化之間皆有約定俗成、客套的對話，為了避免跨文化交流之中，因為語言規範的差異而在交談之中產生誤解，社會語言學的知識與務實能力是語言學習者所不能忽視的。

Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or “coded” in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors.[2] In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance.[1]

The ability to understand another speaker’s intended meaning is called pragmatic competence.[3][4][5]

Pragmatics

Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, linguistics and anthropology.^[1] Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or “coded” in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors.^[2] In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance.^[1]

The ability to understand another speaker’s intended meaning is called pragmatic competence.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Ambiguity

Main article: Ambiguity

The sentence “You have a green light” is ambiguous. Without knowing the context, the identity of the speaker, and his or her intent, it is difficult to infer the meaning with confidence. For example:

It could mean that the space that belongs to you has green ambient lighting.
It could mean that you are driving through a green traffic signal.
It could mean that you no longer have to wait to continue driving.
It could mean that you are permitted to proceed in a non-driving context.
It could mean that your body has a green glow.
It could mean that you possess a light bulb that is tinted green.

Similarly, the sentence “Sherlock saw the man with binoculars” could mean that Sherlock observed the man by using binoculars, or it could mean that Sherlock observed a man who was holding binoculars (syntactic ambiguity).^[6] The meaning of the sentence depends on an understanding of the context and the speaker’s intent. As defined in linguistics, a sentence is an abstract entity — a string of words divorced from non-linguistic context — as opposed to an utterance, which is a concrete example of a speech act in a specific context. The more closely conscious subjects stick to common words, idioms, phrasings, and topics, the more easily others can surmise their meaning; the further they stray from common expressions and topics, the wider the variations in interpretations. This suggests that sentences do not have meaning intrinsically; there is not a meaning associated with a sentence or word, they can only symbolically represent an idea. The cat sat on the mat is a sentence in English. If someone were to say to someone else, “The cat sat on the mat,” this is an example of an utterance. Thus, there is no such thing as a sentence, term, expression or word symbolically representing a single true meaning; it is underspecified (which cat sat on which mat?) and potentially ambiguous. The meaning of an utterance, on the other hand, is inferred based on linguistic knowledge and knowledge of the non-linguistic context of the utterance (which may or may not be sufficient to resolve ambiguity). In mathematics with Berry’s paradox there arose a systematic ambiguity with the word “definable”. The ambiguity with words shows that the descriptive power of any human language is limited.

Etymology

The word pragmatics derives via Latin pragmaticus from the Greek πραγματικός (pragmatikos), meaning amongst others “fit for action”,^[7] which comes from πρᾶγμα (pragma), “deed, act”,^[8] and that from πράσσω (prassō), “to pass over, to practise, to achieve”.^[9]

故而前行者無法僅止於︰

pi@raspberrypi:~

Activities/Turtle Art

What is Turtle Blocks (AKA Turtle Art)

Turtle Blocks is an activity with a Logo-inspired graphical “turtle” that draws colorful art based on snap-together visual programming elements. Its “low floor” provides an easy entry point for beginners. It also has “high ceiling” programming features which will challenge the more adventurous student.

Where to get Turtle Blocks

http://activities.sugarlabs.org/en-US/sugar/addon/4027

Note: There are two inter-compatible programs: Turtle Art and Turtle Blocks. Turtle Art, which closely parallels the Java version of Turtle Art maintained by Brian Silverman, offers a small subset of the functionality of Turtle Blocks. Sugar users probably want to use Turtle Blocks rather than Turtle Art. (Also see Turtle Confusion, a collection of programming challenges designed by Barry Newell; as well as the Activities/TurtleFlags, Activities/Tortuga de Mexico and Activities/Amazonas Tortuga variants.)

Debian (and Ubuntu) users can install Turtle Blocks from a repository maintained by Alan Aguiar (https://launchpad.net/~alanjas/+archive/turtleblocks):

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:alanjas/turtleblocks
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install turtleblocks

Fedora users can do:

sudo yum install turtleblocks
sudo yum install sugar-turtleart

For those of you who would like to use Turtle Blocks in a browser, there is a mostly compatible version at Turtle Blocks JS. See the Guide (en ES) for more details.

Finally, there is Music Blocks, a musical fork of Turtle Blocks. See the Guide for more details.
walterbender/turtleblocksjs

Learning with Turtle Art

終將『不得不』超越

TurtleBlocks JS

Turtle Blocks Javascript is an activity with a Logo-inspired graphical “turtle” that draws colorful art based on snap-together visual programming elements. Its “low floor” provides an easy entry point for beginners. It also has “high ceiling” programming, graphics, mathematics, and Computer Science features which will challenge the more adventurous student.

Note: Turtle Blocks JS closely parallels the Python version of Turtle Blocks, the version included in the Sugar distribution. Sugar users probably want to use Turtle Blocks rather than Turtle Blocks JS.

Using Turtle Art JS

Turtle Blocks Javascript is designed to run in a browser. Most of the development has been done in Chrome, but it should also work in Firefox. You can run it directly from index.html, from a server maintained by Sugar Labs, from the github repo, or by setting up a local server.

Once you’ve launched it in your browser, start by clicking on (or dragging) blocks from the Turtle palette. Use multiple blocks to create drawings; as the turtle moves under your control, colorful lines are drawn.

You add blocks to your program by clicking on or dragging them from the palette to the main area. You can delete a block by dragging it back onto the palette. Click anywhere on a “stack” of blocks to start executing that stack or by clicking in the Rabbit (fast) or Turtle (slow) on the Main Toolbar.

Getting Started Documentation

The basic buttons and basic blocks are explained in detail in Documentation.

A guide to programming with Turtle Blocks is available in Turtle Blocks Guide.

的哩☆★

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FreeSandal

每日彙整: 2016-12-15

L4K ︰神龜來自大海？！

語用學