【鼎革‧革鼎】︰ Raspbian Stretch 《六之 J.3‧MIR-6 》

王小玉說書

清‧劉鶚‧《老殘遊記

第二回 歷山山下古帝遺蹤 明湖湖邊美人絕調

停了數分鐘時,簾子裡面出來一個姑娘,約有十六七歲,長長鴨蛋臉兒,梳了一個抓髻,戴了一副銀耳環,穿了一件藍布外褂兒,一夫 朗和斐條藍布褲子,都是黑布鑲滾的。雖是粗布衣裳,到十分潔淨。來到半桌後面右手椅子上坐下。那彈弦子的便取了弦子,錚錚鏦鏦彈起。這姑娘便立起身來,左 手取了梨花簡,夾在指頭縫裡,便丁丁當當的敲,與那弦子聲音相應。右手持了鼓捶子,凝神聽那弦子的節奏。忽羯鼓一聲,歌喉遽發,字字清脆,聲聲宛轉,如新 鶯出谷,乳燕歸巢,每句七字,每段數十句,或緩或急,忽高忽低。其中轉腔換調之處,百變不窮,覺一切歌曲腔調俱出其下,以為觀止矣。

旁 坐有兩人,其一人低聲問那人道:「此想必是白妞了罷?」其一人道:「不是。這人叫黑妞,是白妞的妹子。他的調門兒都是白妞教的,若比白妞,還不曉得差多遠 呢!他的好處人說得出,白妞的好處人說不出;他的好處人學的到,白妞的好處人學不到。你想,這幾年來,好玩耍的誰不學他們的調兒呢?就是窯子裡的姑娘,也 人人都學,只是頂多有一兩句到黑妞的地步。若白妞的好處,從沒有一個人能及他十分裡的一分的。」說著的時候,黑妞早唱完,後面去了。這時滿園子裡的人,談 心的談心,說笑的說笑。賣瓜子、落花生、山裡紅、核桃仁的,高聲喊叫著賣,滿園子裡聽來都是人聲。

正 在熱鬧哄哄的時節,只見那後臺裡,又出來了一位姑娘,年紀約十八九歲,裝束與前一個毫無分別。瓜子臉兒,白淨麵皮,相貌不過中人以上之姿,只覺得秀而不 媚,清而不寒。半低著頭出來,立在半桌後面,把梨花簡了當了幾聲。煞是奇怪,只是兩片頑鐵,到他手裡,便有了五音十二律以的。又將鼓捶子輕輕的點了兩下, 方抬起頭來,向臺下一盼。那雙眼睛,如秋水,如寒星,如寶珠,如白水銀裡頭養著兩丸黑水銀,左右一顧一看,連那坐在遠遠牆角子裡的人,都覺得王小玉看見我 了,那坐得近的更不必說。就這一眼,滿園子裡便鴉雀無聲,比皇帝出來還要靜悄得多呢,連一根針跌在地下都聽得見響!

王 小玉便啟朱脣,發皓齒,唱了幾句書兒。聲音初不甚大,只覺入耳有說不出來的妙境。五臟六腑裡,像熨斗熨過,無一處不伏貼。三萬六千個毛孔,像吃了人參果, 無一個毛孔不暢快。唱了十數句之後,漸漸的越唱越高,忽然拔了一個尖兒,像一線鋼絲拋入天際,不禁暗暗叫絕。那知他於那極高的地方,尚能迴環轉折。幾囀之 後,又高一層,接連有三四疊,節節高起。恍如由傲來峰西面攀登泰山的景象,初看傲來峰削壁千仞,以為上與天通。及至翻到傲來峰頂,才見扇子崖更在傲來峰 上。及至翻到扇子崖,又見南天門更在扇子崖上。愈翻愈險,愈險愈奇。

那 王小玉唱到極高的三四疊後,陡然一落,又極力騁其千迴百折的精神,如一條飛蛇在黃山三十六峰半中腰裡盤旋穿插。頃刻之間,周匝數遍。從此以後,愈唱愈低, 愈低愈細,那聲音漸漸的就聽不見了。滿園子的人都屏氣凝神,不敢少動。約有兩三分鐘之久,彷彿有一點聲音從地底下發出。這一出之後,忽又揚起,像放那東洋 煙火,一個彈子上天,隨化作千百道五色火光,縱橫散亂。這一聲飛起,即有無限聲音俱來並發。那彈弦子的亦全用輪指,忽大忽小,同他那聲音相和相合,有如花 塢春曉,好鳥亂鳴。耳朵忙不過來,不曉得聽那一聲的為是。正在撩亂之際,忽聽霍然一聲,人弦俱寂。這時臺下叫好之聲,轟然雷動。

停 了一會,鬧聲稍定,只聽那臺下正座上,有一個少年人,不到三十歲光景,是湖南口音,說道:「當年讀書,見古人形容歌聲的好處,有那『餘音繞梁,三日不絕』 的話,我總不懂。空中設想,餘音怎樣會得繞梁呢?又怎會三日不絕呢?及至聽了小玉先生說書,才知古人措辭之妙。每次聽他說書之後,總有好幾天耳朵裡無非都 是他的書,無論做什麼事,總不入神,反覺得『三日不絕』,這『三日』二字下得太少,還是孔子『三月不知肉味』,『三月』二字形容得透徹些!」旁邊人都說 道:「夢湘先生論得透闢極了!『於我心有戚戚焉』!」

說 著,那黑妞又上來說了一段,底下便又是白妞上場。這一段,聞旁邊人說,叫做「黑驢段」。聽了去,不過是一個士子見一個美人,騎了一個黑驢走過去的故事。將 形容那美人,先形容那黑驢怎樣怎樣好法,待鋪敘到美人的好處,不過數語,這段書也就完了。其音節全是快板,越說越快。白香山詩云:「大珠小珠落玉盤。」可 以盡之。其妙處在說得極快的時候,聽的人彷彿都趕不上聽,他卻字字清楚,無一字不送到人耳輪深處。這是他的獨到,然比著前一段卻未免遜一籌了。


詩經毛詩序

情發於聲,聲成文謂之音,治世之音安以樂,其政和;亂世之音怨以怒,其政乖;亡國之音哀以思,其民困故正得失,動天地,感鬼神,莫近於詩。先王以是經夫婦,成孝敬,厚人倫,美教化,移風俗 。

風聲雨聲讀書聲雖然都是『』,但不知有幾人能詮釋『地籟』之『』;或許『誦讀聲』偶然入耳,聽之卻有『弦外之音』。終於『寰宇的振動』一分為三,成為了『自然之聲』、『言語之音』以及『動人之樂』!王小玉說書,字字清晰詞詞明白,音似行雲且聲若流水,一時雷鳴九霄之外,忽而泉湧九地之下,彼音擬樂此聲知音,相追相逐鎔鑄成了『天籟』的聲樂旋律!!

……

音樂
音樂聲波

聲音頻譜
聲音頻譜

聲音合成器
260px-Sine_waves_different_frequencies.svg

160px-Karplus-strong-schematic

213px-ADSR_parameter.svg

220px-Mixtur_Trautonium

220px-Moog_Modular_55_img2

超聲波影像
Aorta_duplication_artifact_131206105958250c

假使換個角度從頻率上看,最早被人們所認識的聲波當然是人耳能夠聽到的『可聞音』,這可關係到了『語言』、『音樂』、『樂器』、『空間音質』與『噪音』等等,它們分别對應著『語言聲學』、『音樂聲學』、『樂器聲學』、『聲場聲學』以及『噪音控制』種種。然後又及於『聽覺』的『生理、心理聲學』 ,並隨著一八八零年法國物理學家皮埃爾‧居禮 Pierre Curie 和雅克‧居禮 Jacques Curie 兄弟發現『電氣石』具有『壓電效應』,開啟了聲波頻率超過 20 kHz 的『超聲波』之大門。當聲波頻率再超過 500 MHz 稱為『特超聲』,它的『波長』已經可以與『分子』大小相比擬,它的研究就叫做『分子聲學』。反過來講當聲波頻率低於 20 Hz 有『次聲學』,用以研究『火山爆發』或者『流星爆炸』所產生的『聲重力波』。也可以說『物理聲學』正與眾多學科領越交叉融會,匯聚成洋洋大觀的『科技前延』,果真是既古又新的啊 !!

然而電子『聲音合成器』的發展歷史雖不可能早於一八二七年德國物理學家蓋歐格‧西蒙‧歐姆 Georg Simon Ohm  在《直流電路的數學研究》一文中『歐姆定律 』的發表,如今卻已經很難追遡!現今所說的『合成器』Synthesizer,是利用多種『電子技術』 ── 比方說,加法合成、減法合成、FM、相位調變… ──,或者使用『物理模型』發聲的『電子樂器』── 也常稱作鍵盤樂器 ──。

『Sonic π』的發聲軟體的核心就是一種『軟體合成器』,使用樹莓派『模擬』了二十三種『聲音合成』的方式,採用『樂器數位介面』MIDI  Musical Instrument Digital Interface 的描述碼來表達『音符』。同時這個軟體合成器對於一個『聲音』的發聲控制,採取了一般常用的『ADSR』Attack-Decay-Sustain-Release 波封機制。

 

─── 發音的輕重緩急和抑揚頓挫表達著人聲之美 ───

── 《【Sonic π】描摹聲音

 

其實樂譜中之豆芽菜, MIDI 裡的數字碼,都是紀錄音樂的符號︰

Symbolic music representations comprise any kind of score representation with an explicit encoding of notes or other musical events. These include machine-readable data formats such as MIDI. Any kind of digital data format may be regarded as symbolic since it is based on a finite alphabet of letters or symbols.

 

方便人或是機器重現曲調乎?

MIDI

MIDI (/ˈmɪdi/; short for Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a technical standard that describes a communications protocol, digital interface and electrical connectors and allows a wide variety of electronic musical instruments, computers and other related music and audio devices to connect and communicate with one another.[1] A single MIDI link can carry up to sixteen channels of information, each of which can be routed to a separate device.

MIDI carries event messages that specify notation, pitch and velocity (loudness or softness), control signals for parameters such as volume, vibrato, audio panning from left to right, cues in theatre, and clock signals that set and synchronize tempo between multiple devices. These messages are sent via a MIDI cable to other devices where they control sound generation and other features. A simple example of a MIDI setup is the use of a MIDI controller such as an electronic musical keyboard to trigger sounds created by a sound module, which is in turn plugged into a keyboard amplifier. This MIDI data can also be recorded into a hardware or software device called a sequencer, which can be used to edit the data and to play it back at a later time.[2]:4

Advantages of MIDI include small file size, ease of modification and manipulation and a wide choice of electronic instruments and synthesizer or digitally-sampled sounds.[3] Prior to the development of MIDI, electronic musical instruments from different manufacturers could generally not communicate with each other. With MIDI, any MIDI-compatible keyboard (or other controller device) can be connected to any other MIDI-compatible sequencer, sound module, drum machine, synthesizer, or computer, even if they are made by different manufacturers.

MIDI technology was standardized in 1983 by a panel of music industry representatives, and is maintained by the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA). All official MIDI standards are jointly developed and published by the MMA in Los Angeles, and the MIDI Committee of the Association of Musical Electronics Industry (AMEI) in Tokyo. In 2016, the MMA established The MIDI Association (TMA) to support a global community of people who work, play, or create with MIDI.[4]

MIDI allows multiple instruments to be played from a single controller (often a keyboard, as pictured here), which makes stage setups much more portable. This system fits into a single rack case, but prior to the advent of MIDI, it would have required four separate full-size keyboard instruments, plus outboard mixing and effects units.

 

所以 librosa 亦十分看重耶!

Core IO and DSP

Time and frequency conversion

frames_to_samples(frames[, hop_length, n_fft]) Converts frame indices to audio sample indices
frames_to_time(frames[, sr, hop_length, n_fft]) Converts frame counts to time (seconds)
samples_to_frames(samples[, hop_length, n_fft]) Converts sample indices into STFT frames.
samples_to_time(samples[, sr]) Convert sample indices to time (in seconds).
time_to_frames(times[, sr, hop_length, n_fft]) Converts time stamps into STFT frames.
time_to_samples(times[, sr]) Convert timestamps (in seconds) to sample indices.
hz_to_note(frequencies, **kwargs) Convert one or more frequencies (in Hz) to the nearest note names.
hz_to_midi(frequencies) Get the closest MIDI note number(s) for given frequencies
midi_to_hz(notes) Get the frequency (Hz) of MIDI note(s)
midi_to_note(midi[, octave, cents]) Convert one or more MIDI numbers to note strings.
note_to_hz(note, **kwargs) Convert one or more note names to frequency (Hz)
note_to_midi(note[, round_midi]) Convert one or more spelled notes to MIDI number(s).
hz_to_mel(frequencies[, htk]) Convert Hz to Mels
hz_to_octs(frequencies[, A440]) Convert frequencies (Hz) to (fractional) octave numbers.
mel_to_hz(mels[, htk]) Convert mel bin numbers to frequencies
octs_to_hz(octs[, A440]) Convert octaves numbers to frequencies.
fft_frequencies([sr, n_fft]) Alternative implementation of np.fft.fftfreqs
cqt_frequencies(n_bins, fmin[, …]) Compute the center frequencies of Constant-Q bins.
mel_frequencies([n_mels, fmin, fmax, htk]) Compute the center frequencies of mel bands.
tempo_frequencies(n_bins[, hop_length, sr]) Compute the frequencies (in beats-per-minute) corresponding to an onset auto-correlation or tempogram matrix.

 

然而莫忘,不轉化為聲音,終究無法聽聞也◎