即使說單擺之運動方程式是『非線性』的，在某些『初始條件』下，也可能變成『圓周運動』？豈能如雙擺

Double pendulum

In physics and mathematics, in the area of dynamical systems, a double pendulum is a pendulum with another pendulum attached to its end, and is a simple physical system that exhibits rich dynamic behavior with a strong sensitivity to initial conditions.^[1] The motion of a double pendulum is governed by a set of coupled ordinary differential equations and is chaotic.

A double pendulum consists of two pendulumsattached end to end.

會發生『混沌』 chaotic 現象，更令人驚訝乎！

切莫道能用牛頓力學，簡明扼要

Gabriela González

Single and Double plane pendulum

推導運動方程式不重要，關鍵的『力學概念』都在其中呦！！

要不將如何善用於分析和解釋耶？？

Analysis and interpretation

Several variants of the double pendulum may be considered; the two limbs may be of equal or unequal lengths and masses, they may be simple pendulums or compound pendulums (also called complex pendulums) and the motion may be in three dimensions or restricted to the vertical plane. In the following analysis, the limbs are taken to be identical compound pendulums of length $l$ and mass $m$ , and the motion is restricted to two dimensions.

Double compound pendulum

Motion of the double compound pendulum (from numerical integration of the equations of motion)

Trajectories of a double pendulum

In a compound pendulum, the mass is distributed along its length. If the mass is evenly distributed, then the center of mass of each limb is at its midpoint, and the limb has a moment of inertia of $I = 1 / 12 ml 2$ about that point.

It is convenient to use the angles between each limb and the vertical as the generalized coordinates defining the configuration of the system. These angles are denoted $θ 1$ and $θ 2$ . The position of the center of mass of each rod may be written in terms of these two coordinates. If the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system is taken to be at the point of suspension of the first pendulum, then the center of mass of this pendulum is at:

$\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x_{1}&={\frac {l}{2}}\sin \theta _{1}\\y_{1}&=-{\frac {l}{2}}\cos \theta _{1}\end{aligned}}$

and the center of mass of the second pendulum is at

$\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x_{2}&=l\left(\sin \theta _{1}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\sin \theta _{2}\right)\\y_{2}&=-l\left(\cos \theta _{1}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\cos \theta _{2}\right)\end{aligned}}$

This is enough information to write out the Lagrangian.

Lagrangian

The Lagrangian is

$\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}L&={\text{kinetic energy}}-{\text{potential energy}}\\&={\tfrac {1}{2}}m\left(v_{1}^{2}+v_{2}^{2}\right)+{\tfrac {1}{2}}I\left({{\dot {\theta }}_{1}}^{2}+{{\dot {\theta }}_{2}}^{2}\right)-mg\left(y_{1}+y_{2}\right)\\&={\tfrac {1}{2}}m\left({{\dot {x}}_{1}}^{2}+{{\dot {y}}_{1}}^{2}+{{\dot {x}}_{2}}^{2}+{{\dot {y}}_{2}}^{2}\right)+{\tfrac {1}{2}}I\left({{\dot {\theta }}_{1}}^{2}+{{\dot {\theta }}_{2}}^{2}\right)-mg\left(y_{1}+y_{2}\right)\end{aligned}}$

The first term is the linear kinetic energy of the center of mass of the bodies and the second term is the rotational kinetic energy around the center of mass of each rod. The last term is the potential energy of the bodies in a uniform gravitational field. The dot-notation indicates the time derivative of the variable in question.

Substituting the coordinates above and rearranging the equation gives

$\displaystyle L={\tfrac {1}{6}}ml^{2}\left({{\dot {\theta }}_{2}}^{2}+4{{\dot {\theta }}_{1}}^{2}+3{{\dot {\theta }}_{1}}{{\dot {\theta }}_{2}}\cos(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2})\right)+{\tfrac {1}{2}}mgl\left(3\cos \theta _{1}+\cos \theta _{2}\right).$

There is only one conserved quantity (the energy), and no conserved momenta. The two momenta may be written as

$\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}p_{\theta _{1}}&={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {{\dot {\theta }}_{1}}}}={\tfrac {1}{6}}ml^{2}\left(8{{\dot {\theta }}_{1}}+3{{\dot {\theta }}_{2}}\cos(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2})\right)\\p_{\theta _{2}}&={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {{\dot {\theta }}_{2}}}}={\tfrac {1}{6}}ml^{2}\left(2{{\dot {\theta }}_{2}}+3{{\dot {\theta }}_{1}}\cos(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2})\right).\end{aligned}}$

These expressions may be inverted to get

$\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{{\dot {\theta }}_{1}}&={\frac {6}{ml^{2}}}{\frac {2p_{\theta _{1}}-3\cos(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2})p_{\theta _{2}}}{16-9\cos ^{2}(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2})}}\\{{\dot {\theta }}_{2}}&={\frac {6}{ml^{2}}}{\frac {8p_{\theta _{2}}-3\cos(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2})p_{\theta _{1}}}{16-9\cos ^{2}(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2})}}.\end{aligned}}$

The remaining equations of motion are written as

$\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{{\dot {p}}_{\theta _{1}}}&={\frac {\partial L}{\partial \theta _{1}}}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}ml^{2}\left({{\dot {\theta }}_{1}}{{\dot {\theta }}_{2}}\sin(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2})+3{\frac {g}{l}}\sin \theta _{1}\right)\\{{\dot {p}}_{\theta _{2}}}&={\frac {\partial L}{\partial \theta _{2}}}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}ml^{2}\left(-{{\dot {\theta }}_{1}}{{\dot {\theta }}_{2}}\sin(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2})+{\frac {g}{l}}\sin \theta _{2}\right).\end{aligned}}$

These last four equations are explicit formulae for the time evolution of the system given its current state. It is not possible to go further and integrate these equations analytically, to get formulae for

θ 1

and

θ 2

as functions of time. It is, however, possible to perform this integration numerically using the Runge Kutta method or similar techniques.

何況證

Chaotic motion

graph of the time for the pendulum to flip over as a function of initial conditions

Long exposure of double pendulum exhibiting chaotic motion (tracked with an LED)

The double pendulum undergoes chaotic motion, and shows a sensitive dependence on initial conditions. The image to the right shows the amount of elapsed time before the pendulum flips over, as a function of initial position when released at rest. Here, the initial value of $θ 1$ ranges along the $x$ -direction from −3 to 3. The initial value $θ 2$ ranges along the $y$ -direction, from −3 to 3. The colour of each pixel indicates whether either pendulum flips within:

$10 \sqrt l ⁄ g$ (green)
$100 \sqrt l ⁄ g$ (red)
$1000 \sqrt l ⁄ g$ (purple) or
$10000 \sqrt l ⁄ g$ (blue).

Initial conditions that do not lead to a flip within $10000 \sqrt l ⁄ g$ are plotted white.

The boundary of the central white region is defined in part by energy conservation with the following curve:

$\displaystyle 3\cos \theta _{1}+\cos \theta _{2}=2.$

Within the region defined by this curve, that is if

$\displaystyle 3\cos \theta _{1}+\cos \theta _{2}>2,$

then it is energetically impossible for either pendulum to flip. Outside this region, the pendulum can flip, but it is a complex question to determine when it will flip. Similar behavior is observed for a double pendulum composed of two point masses rather than two rods with distributed mass.^[2]

The lack of a natural excitation frequency has led to the use of double pendulum systems in seismic resistance designs in buildings, where the building itself is the primary inverted pendulum, and a secondary mass is connected to complete the double pendulum.

之以『實驗』或『模擬』真的涇渭分明的嘛☆★

Chaos f ram Simplicity:

An Introduction to the Double Pendulum