光在真空裡與均勻的介質中走直線,直到遭遇不同折射率之界面,或者反射、然而通常多折射,它的軌跡就像『折線』 line chart
也許這正是『屈光學』名義之由來也。雖說此『折線圖』看來平淡無奇,那要如何描述光之行徑呢?怎樣選取『座標系』才能定位的耶??光學書本一般將此當成不說自明之理!於是直接展開論述,若干圖例後,難免彷彷彿彿似懂非懂的乎!!
茲舉一圖示為例
In ray transfer (ABCD) matrix analysis, an optical element (here, a thick lens) gives a transformation between at the input plane and when the ray arrives at the output plane.
,不說那條『折線』?不知『透鏡』厚薄?卻講『輸入面』 input plane 以及『輸出面』 output plane ,圖中強調『光入點』 與『光出點』 之『座標』!宛如『透鏡』在哪無關也!!
假使分解光之『折線圖』的構成,可得『線段』和『轉折點』,那『線段』表示光在『彼介質』中『直行』也,這『轉折點』說明光『此處』發生『反射』或『折射』,而後在『此介質』裡『直行』矣。一個『光學元件』、『光學系統』通常有其物體的『邊界』,如果知道『輸入面』與『輸出面』間 之光線的『行徑關係』,如是這個『光學元件』、『光學系統』的行為就確定了。由於參照自身『邊界面』的原故,因此與其座落『光軸』之何處無關耶??!!事實上『光軸座標系』乃是一系列『面』與『面』間『相對』位置關係,甚至和『光學元件』、『光學系統』之物體大小不必相涉矣 !!??
知此而後知 Justin Peatross 與 Michael Ware 先生們之大哉論也︰
三種基本『光學元素』︰均勻介質裡直線行、球面反射、球面折射的『效應矩陣』足以組成任意複雜之光學成像系統,能夠構造整體『矩陣光學』的了!!!
這裡先列出 sympy Gaussian Optics 之相關文件︰
class sympy.physics.optics.gaussopt.FreeSpace
Ray Transfer Matrix for free space.
Parameters : | distance |
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See also
Examples
>>> from sympy.physics.optics import FreeSpace >>> from sympy import symbols >>> d = symbols('d') >>> FreeSpace(d) Matrix([ [1, d], [0, 1]])
class sympy.physics.optics.gaussopt.CurvedRefraction
Ray Transfer Matrix for refraction on curved interface.
Parameters : |
R : radius of curvature (positive for concave) n1 : refractive index of one medium n2 : refractive index of other medium |
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See also
Examples
>>> from sympy.physics.optics import CurvedRefraction >>> from sympy import symbols >>> R, n1, n2 = symbols('R n1 n2') >>> CurvedRefraction(R, n1, n2) Matrix([ [ 1, 0], [(n1 - n2)/(R*n2), n1/n2]])
class sympy.physics.optics.gaussopt.CurvedMirror
Ray Transfer Matrix for reflection from curved surface.
Parameters : | R : radius of curvature (positive for concave) |
---|
See also
Examples
>>> from sympy.physics.optics import CurvedMirror >>> from sympy import symbols >>> R = symbols('R') >>> CurvedMirror(R) Matrix([ [ 1, 0], [-2/R, 1]])
再補上一段總綱文字︰
循著光踏上自由行乎???