STEM 隨筆︰古典力學︰轉子【五】《電路學》三【電阻】V.C

近年來根據美國方言學會 ADS American Dialect Society Stephen Goranson 的研究,一八七七年的一次工程學會會議上 Alfred Holt 的報告上提出︰

It is found that anything that can go wrong at sea generally does go wrong sooner or later, so it is not to be wondered that owners prefer the safe to the scientific …. Sufficient stress can hardly be laid on the advantages of simplicity. The human factor cannot be safely neglected in planning machinery. If attention is to be obtained, the engine must be such that the engineer will be disposed to attend to it.

,由此看來,說不定是 De Morgan 錯記『莫非』Murphy 的了

Mathematician Augustus De Morgan wrote on June 23, 1866: “The first experiment already illustrates a truth of the theory, well confirmed by practice, what-ever can happen will happen if we make trials enough.” In later publications “whatever can happen will happen” occasionally is termed “Murphy’s law,” which raises the possibility — if something went wrong — that “Murphy” is “De Morgan” misremembered (an option, among others, raised by Goranson on American Dialect Society list).

這個大名鼎鼎的『莫非定律』說︰

凡事要可能出錯,必定會出錯!!

從科學和演算法方面來講,它和『最糟情境』worst-case scenario 分析同義,然而就文化層面而言,它代表著一種反諷式的幽默,也許能排解日常生活中諸多遭遇的不滿。

那人們該如何設想『莫非之機率』的呢?一九零九年時法國數學家埃米爾‧博雷爾 Félix-Édouard-Justin-Émile Borel 在一本機率書中介紹了一個『打字猴子』的概念︰

讓一隻猴子在打字機上隨機地按鍵,當這樣作的時間趨近無窮時,似乎必然能夠打出任何指定的文本,比如說整套莎士比亞的著作。

他用這隻猴子來比喻一種能夠產生無窮的隨機語詞字串之『抽象設備』。這個『無限猴子定理』理論是說︰把一個很大但有限的數看成無限的推論是錯誤的。猴子能否完全無誤的敲打出一部莎士比亞的哈姆雷特,縱使它發生的機率非常之小然而絕非是零!就像戰國時期的列禦寇在《列子‧湯問》中寫到︰

愚公移山

太行、王屋二山,方七百里,高萬仞,本在冀州之南,河陽之北。

北山愚公者,年且九十,面山而居。懲山北之塞,出入之迂也。聚室而謀曰:「吾與汝畢力平險,指通豫南,達於漢陰,可乎?」雜然相許。其妻獻疑曰:「以君之力,曾不能損魁父之丘,如太行、王屋何?且焉置土石?」雜曰:「投諸渤海之尾,隱土之北。」遂率子孫荷擔者三夫,叩石墾壤,箕畚運於渤海之尾。鄰人京城氏之孀妻有遺男,始齔,跳往助之。寒暑易節,始一反焉。

河曲智叟笑而止之曰:「甚矣,汝之不惠。以殘年餘力,曾不能毀山之一毛,其如土石何?」北山愚公長息曰:「汝心之固,固不可徹,曾不若孀妻弱子。雖我之死,有子存焉;子又生孫,孫又生子;子又有子,子又有孫;子子孫孫無窮匱也,而山不加增,何苦而不平?」河曲智叟亡以應。

操蛇之神聞之,懼其不已也,告之於帝。帝感其誠,命誇娥氏二子負二山,一厝朔東,一厝雍南。自此,冀之南,漢之陰,無隴斷焉。

即使無需神助,應該也是移的了山的吧!!

─── 《布林代數

 

假使奶油土司掉到地上,十之八九是塗奶油的那一面◎

如果依據『最糟情境』考察樹莓派 3B+ 電源線路︰

 

唯有當

V^{min}_{in} - R^{max}_{fuse} * I^{max}_{load} \ge V_{under \_ votage}

時,才能不發生『低電壓警訊』!

從 MF-MSMF-250/X datasheet 可知 R^{max}_{fuse} = 0.1 \Omega

一個符合 USB 規格之電源,在額定電流內,它的輸入電壓落在 5V \pm 5 \% 範圍裡。

如此 V^{min}_{in} = 4.75 V ,那麼不管假設 V_{under \_ votage}4.65 V4.63V ,最多只能容許 1.0 A1.2A 電流哩!

更別說這時電壓恐已超出 USB 輸入範圍也?!

故知樹莓派基金會官網數字︰

POWER SUPPLY

The Raspberry Pi 3 is powered by a +5.1V micro USB supply. Exactly how much current (mA) the Raspberry Pi requires is dependent on what you connect to it. We have found that purchasing a 2.5A power supply from a reputable retailer will provide you with ample power to run your Raspberry Pi. You can purchase the official Raspberry Pi Power Supply from our website, and you can learn more about the differing power requirements of the various models of the Raspberry Pi on our FAQ page.

 

之合理性呦!?

既然為了安全,保險絲省不了;又為了 USB 裝置正常工作,V_{under \_ votage} 電壓設定低不了☻

不得不作此 V_{in} 升壓一途吧☺